victoree
History Buff
V for Vacate, Joe
Posts: 119
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Post by victoree on Jul 14, 2008 20:16:31 GMT -5
I didn't understand it very well, till I read, I saw the Philippines Fall by Romulus. It was printed in 1942 and gives an excellent view of the emotions that went with this time.
Martin
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mish
History Buff
Kalayaan
Posts: 135
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Post by mish on Sept 13, 2008 20:15:38 GMT -5
13 September, 1907: Macario Sakay executed
From: The Filipino Reaction to American Rule: 1900-1913 Bonifacio S. Salamanca,* 1984
Chapter 8: The Filipinos and the Future Political Status of the Philippines; Seditious Movements; Sakay and the "Filipino Republic"
Sakay, a former barber from Tondo, Manila, had been a member of the Katipunan and of the army of the Revolutionary government. He was captured during the early days of the Filipino-American War, but soon tried to revive the Katipunan in Manila, for which he was indicted and sentenced to jail under the Sedition Law. He was released upon the proclamation of amnesty in July, 1902, and subsequently took the oath of allegiance to the United States. Still a radical, however, he again resorted to his Katipunan activities and finally fled to the mountains in 1903 to take command of guerillas in the Rizal-Cavite-Laguna-Batangas area. From there, Sakay proclaimed the establishment of a "Filipino Republic" with himself as Supreme President.
The extent of Sakay's movement may be gauged from the magnitude of the operations launched against him and his aides by the government. In 1905-1906, several thousands of Constabulary troops, Philippine Scouts, and even American troops were committed, necessitating the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in Cavite and Batangas. He and his aides finally surrendered on July 17, 1906. That Sakay wanted Philippine independence immediately and that he at least influenced the United States to modify its conservative policy on this question cannot be doubted. The fact that his surrender had been effected through the intercession of Dr. Dominador Gomez, a rabid ntionalist, strengthens this view.
We recall that the Philippine Bill of 1902 had provided for the organization of the Philippine Assembly two years after the publication of the census if a condition of general and complete peace had prevailed during those two years. The census was published in March, 1905. If a distinctly political movement was tying down thousands of troops, the Philippine Commission might not see its way clear to issuing the certificate of peace which was required before the president of the United States could issue a call for the elections to the Assembly. That would mean a delay of the exercise of greater governmental powers by the Filipinos. While we can only surmise at what Dr. Gomez may have promised or told Sakay, it is entirely plausible that he did everything to induce Sakay to surrender, especially since a large amount of money was involved.
We may be sure that Dr. Gomez represented himself as an emissary of Colonel Bandholtz, which he was, and of Governor Ide, which probably he was not, and promised a lot of things. It is certain that one of these was that the Philippine Assembly would be organized as scheduled if he gave himself up, in spite of disorders elsewhere. Since Sakay wanted more than the limited autonomy under the pHilippine Bill, Gomez must have told him that Governor Ide had authorized him to say that he would recommend ultimate independence as official policy, provided that Sakay surrendered immediately. Finally, Gomez undoubtedly assured Sakay that he and his men would not be indicted for rebellion or other crimes, or, if tried and found guilty, would be granted executive clemency.
The Philippine Assembly was organized in 1907, and Dr. Gomez became a celebrity which earned him election to the Assembly. Nevertheless, the United States did not change its stand on Philippine independence during the Taft Regime. In addition, Sakay and his men were indicted not for sedition but for brigandage, adding insult to injury. Worse still, Sakay and and Lucio de Vega, one of his generals, were not granted clemency and were accordingly hanged on September 13, 1907. These were of course the imponderables over which Sakay had no control the moment he gave himself up. But, in all likelihood, his motives were pure.
*Professor of History, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City; Dr. Salamanca died in 1995
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mish
History Buff
Kalayaan
Posts: 135
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Post by mish on Sept 13, 2008 21:12:23 GMT -5
Re: the discussion about MacArthur's various faults, a few articles I've gone through lately helped me understand the context behind the defeatist War Plan Orange and its various forms. I hope there are online versions, but if there are none, here are some details:
Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age Peter Paret, editor, with the collaboration of Gordon A Craig and Felix Gilbert Princeton University Press, 1986*
The relevant articles:
Part III. From the Industrial Revolution to the First World War 15. American Strategy From Its Beginnings through the First World War Russell F. Weigley
Part IV: From the First to the Second World War 23. Allied Startegy In Europe, 1939-1945 Maurice Matloff 24. American and Japanese Strategies in the Pacific War D. Clayton James
*The book is the successor to the first Makers of Modern Strategy, a product of Princeton's seminar on American foreign policy and security issues, sponsored by the University's Institute for Advanced Study. An interesting note: Condoleeza Rice was one of the contributing authors to this second compilation. She wrote The Making of Soviet Strategy for the compilation's fourth part: From the First to the Second World War.
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Post by legionnaire on Dec 7, 2008 23:16:32 GMT -5
Japanese forces initial landings on Philippine soilThe first Japanese invaders on Philippine soil went ashore on Batan Island in Luzon Strait, midway between Formosa and Luzon, at dawn 8 December. The invasion force, which had left the Formosan ports of Takao and Hozan on the evening of the 7th, consisted of 2 transports escorted by 1 destroyer, 4 torpedo boats, and a large number of other small vessels. Aboard the transports was a naval combat unit of 490 men as well as air corps troops who were to establish an airbase on the island. The combat troops quickly seized the airfield near Basco, and air force troops came ashore to inspect the field. It was found to be barely suitable for fighter and reconnaissance planes, but to require expansion for large-scale operations. The next day, while construction crews worked on the field, planes of the 24th and 50th Fighter Regiments began operations from the Basco base. Tora tora tora The Japanese, fearing an air attack against Formosa, had meanwhile made haste to get their planes off the ground. The fog, which had grounded the 11th Air Fleet, had lifted to the east at dawn, permitting twenty-five twin-engine Army bombers to take off for Luzon. Shortly before 0900 the Japanese Army bombers were reported by the aircraft warning service on Luzon to be heading south over Lingayen Gulf in the direction of Manila. But the Japanese Army planes, limited to targets north of the 16th latitude, turned east as they approached Lingayen Gulf. One group struck Tuguegarao at about 0930 while another concentrated on barracks and other installations (Camp John Hay) at Baguio, the summer capital of the Commonwealth, where Quezon was staying at this time. The Japanese bombers returned to base without having sighted any American aircraft. Far East Air Force reports between 1000. and 1030 of a flight of enemy bombers, first in the Cagayan valley, and then "turned around and proceeding north," apparently referred to these Japanese Army planes. Japanese painting of the bombing attack on Clark field at 12:30 pm Dec. 8, 1941 photographic recording by Japanese aerial bombing of Manila 1941.
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Post by oklahoma on Dec 8, 2008 12:00:45 GMT -5
that fiasco (for lack of a better word) at clark field, dec 8 (pacific time) still boggles my mind. probably, at this very late date, the truth will never be known. their were so many different narratives on what actually happened, so much finger pointing, so much "covering of their backsides" by those involved, that almost all concerned emerge looking the villain. one thing is certain, even at this time in the 21st century. kimmel and short were crucified for dereliction of duty. how was it that general macarthur was never charged??? after all it would appear that he was equally guilty of the same conduct way over there in the philippines? at least genl short and adm kimmel had the lame excuse, but an excuse it was, of being taken by surprise. our forces in the PI had very adequate warning. totally unexcusable. the final outcome, in my opinion, was inevitable, but we certainly made things much easier for the nipponese forces. with hindsight, i suppose, it was better to give genl mac a free ride so as to make it possible for him to lead us back up the island chain to manila. it is difficult to imagine another army commander doing a superior job. regardless, those early days in the defense of the philippines hold many mistakes in judgement/strategy,etc by the "american caesar" that do smudge is lionized image methinks.
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cco23i
History Student
"But I don't wanna go back to the States"
Posts: 94
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Post by cco23i on Dec 9, 2008 16:17:45 GMT -5
The one thing I found is that the P-35's at Del Carmen field were the air cover for Clark and their P-40's. That morning Del Carmen sent their fighters up but the direction they headed was away from the japs. Well they returned and were being refueled and inspected when the japs hit so they were caught with their hands full/
Scott
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hawkins2ndcav
History Student
On the border somewhere near Columbus, New Mexico
Posts: 70
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Post by hawkins2ndcav on Dec 9, 2008 18:28:18 GMT -5
It has always left me in complete wonderment how MacArthur completely messed up in regard to Clark Field. While the outcome of the airwar and overall campaign might have been the same, we certainly would have made the Japanese bleed even more than they did. As things stand, it's amazing just how long the US/Filipino defenders were able to hold out and make the Japanese bleed for every square foot.
IMHO, the defenders succeeded in spite of MacArthur, not because of him and it's only because of politics that FDR didn't sack him.
Just my dos centavos...
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cco23i
History Student
"But I don't wanna go back to the States"
Posts: 94
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Post by cco23i on Dec 20, 2008 15:21:22 GMT -5
Just remember, the men didn't call him "Dugout Doug" for nothing.
"I shall return!"
Scott ;D
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